Translation Procedures and Its Examples


According to Newmark (1988b), there are some different translation procedures that he proposes:
  • Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."  Example: radio - rado 
  • Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82) Example: symbol – symbol, energy – energi, calendar – kalender, serious – serius, crisis - krisis
  • Cultural Equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83) Example: baseball – kasti, April Fools – April Mop
  • Functional Equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83) Example: punt – rakit, spatula – alat (sudip)
  • Descriptive Equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83) Example: koteka - traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some ethnic groups in Papua to cover their genitals, bajaj - a three-wheeled traditional vehicle which usually located in Jakarta, Indonesia. 
  • Componential Analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114) Example: once in a blue moon - sangat jarang, hampir tidak pernah, all ears - tertarik mendengar apa yang dikatakan orang.
  • Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84) Example: happy - glad - pleased – delighted, good - splendid - fine - excellent 
  • Through-Translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84) Example: normal school – sekolah normal, the Bongolian box – kotak Bongolian
  • Shifts or Transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86) Example: Cats are carnivores - kucing adalah hewan karnivora, Nah, he's some lovesick Romeo, I guess, who hired me for another important mission! ( Yah, kurasa dia Romeo yang sedang jatuh cinta! Dia menugasiku misi penting! 
  • Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88) Example: The laws of China govern this one-child policy. (Kebijakan satu anak ini diatur oleh hukum China. *aktif diterjemahkan menjadi pasif*, He broke his leg. (Dia mematahkan kakinya).
  • Recognized Translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89) Example: UK (United Kingdom) = Britania Raya, EU (European Union) = Uni Eropa
  • Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90) Example: A pair of scissors = sebuah guntingA burning desire to share The Secret with the world consumed me. (Hasrat yang menyala-nyala untuk membagikan Rahasia kepada dunia membakar diri saya.)
  • Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91) Example: the signal was red. (When the light was red, trains could not go), I bought some electronic cigarettes. (with electronic cigarettes, there will be no smoky smell on your clothes or skin.)
  • Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91) Example: China's foreign ministry denied any knowledge of G-mail being blocked. (Kementerian Luar Negeri Cina membantah pihaknya mengetahui G-mail diblokir.)  
  • Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91) Example: Stonhenge is the place to go for tourist and druids. NB: The Druids were priests who carried out religious rituals in Iron Age Britain. The family of a man suspected of murdering a 22-year-old woman in an act of cannibalism says it is in "shock". NB : cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.
Source: 
https://sites.google.com/site/translationclasssite/lesson-materials
http://www.accurapid.com/journal/41culture.htm
http://setyanidwiputri.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/example-of-newmarks-translation.html
 
 

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