Translation Methods
(Source: http://content.lionbridge.com)
Sari
is a medical student in a university in Indonesia. She reads a lot of books in
order to deepen her knowledge about medical education. One day, her professor
asked her to read a book about Human Anatomy which is written in English. Unfortunately,
Sari is not fluent in English. She needs the same book on Human Anatomy which
is written in her native language-Indonesian. Here, translation plays a big
role in Sari’s life, and probably in other humans’ lives. Without translation,
most people in the world would probably have many difficulties in their lives.
Wilss
(1982: 3), states that translation is a transfer process which aims at the
transformation of a written source language text (SLT) into an optimally
equivalent target language text (TLT), and which requires the syntactic, the
semantic, and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the
source text. Syntactic understanding is related to style and meaning.
Understanding of semantics is meaning related activity. Finally, pragmatic
understanding is related to the message or implication of a sentence. This
definition does not states what is transferred. Rather, it states the
requirement of the process.
According
to Newmark (1988), there are some methods of translation:
1. Word for word translation.
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately
below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly
by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated
literally. The main use
of word-for-word translation
is either to
understand the mechanics
of the source language or to
construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
Example:
Source Language I have a book
Target Language Saya mempunyai sebuah buku
2. Literal translation. The
SL grammatical constructions
are converted to
their nearest TL
equivalents but the lexical
words are again
translated singly, out
of context.
Example:
Source Language Black
Market Honey moon
Target Language
Pasar
Gelap Bulan Madu
3.
Faithful translation. A faithful Translation attempts to
reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints
of the TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserves
the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (deviation from SL norms)
in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions
and the text-realisation of the SL
writer.
Example:
Source Language He
is a bookworm.
Target Language
Dia adalah seorang kutu buku.
4. Semantic translation. Semantic translation
differs from 'faithful
translation' only in
as far as it must
take more account of
the aesthetic value of the SL text.
Example:
Source Language He
is a bookworm.
Target Language
Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca.
5. Adaptation. This is the freest form of
translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes,
characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL
culture and the text is rewritten.
Example:
“Cinderella”
story is adapted into “Bawang Merah Bawang Putih”. The story is adapted by
adjusting the cultural background of the readers.
6. Free translation. Free translation produces the TL
text without the style, form, or content of the original.
Example:
Source Language John’s
novels sell well.
Target Language
Novel karya John laku keras.
7.
Idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translation reproduces
the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by
preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Example:
Source Language The
rain likes cat and dog.
Target Language
Hujan deras.
8. Communicative
translation. Communicative translation attempts to render the
exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and
language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b:
45-47).
Example:
Source Language I
would admit that I am wrong.
Target Language
Saya mengaku salah.
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